Precision Medicine in Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps

PURPOSE OF REVIEW Chronic rhinosinusitis is a disease with high prevalence, significant impact on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) and it is associated with substantial healthcare and productivity costs. We face an urgent need to improve the level of disease control and achieve higher patient satisfaction and disease prevention. Precision medicine is increasingly recognized as the way forward in optimal patient care. The combination of personalized care, prevention of disease, prediction of success of treatment, and participation of the patient in the elaboration of the treatment plan is expected to guarantee the best possible therapeutic approach for individuals suffering from a chronic disabling condition. RECENT FINDINGS This is a narrative review on the current state of endotypes, biomarkers, and targeted treatments in chronic inflammatory conditions of the nose and paranasal sinuses. Different phenotypes of rhinitis and chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) have been described based on symptom severity and duration, atopy status, level of control, comorbidities, and presence or absence of nasal polyps in CRS. The underlying pathophysiological mechanisms are diverse, with different endotypes being recognized. Novel emerging therapies are targeting specific pathophysiological pathways or endotypes. This endotype-driven treatment approach requires careful selection of the patient population who might benefit from a specific treatment. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the current state of endotypes, biomarkers and targeted treatments in chronic inflammatory conditions of the nose and paranasal sinuses.